Solar Reference Cells
See Also: PV Cell, References, Photovoltaic Reference Cells, Solar Simulators, Solar Irradiance
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Solar Reference Cell
The Solar Reference Cells consist of a 20 mm x 20 mm monocrystalline silicon Photovoltaic Cell encased in a 92 mm x 70 mm x 16 mm metal enclosure with a protective quartz window and a temperature sensor. Designed for calibrating the irradiance of solar simulators used for testing solar cells and modules.
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Calibrated Solar Reference Cell
To insure repeatable testing on any solar simulator, OAI offers 2cm x 2cm calibrated reference cells. Standard reference cell calibration cycles can be set up by OAI''s calibration laboratory to insure that your reference cell maintains certification.
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Power Meters and Calibration Cells
The Solar Reference Cell consist of a 20 x 20 mm monocrystalline silicon Photovoltaic Cell encased in a 92 x 70 x 16 mm metal enclosure with a protective quartz window and a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is a 100 ohm platinum Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD).The Solar Reference Cells come with a Certificate of Calibration and compatible set of connecting cables. The following parameters of the reference cell are certified: Isc, Imax, Voc, Vmax, Pmax, Area, Fill Factor and Efficiency. The certification is accredited by NIST to the ISO-17025 standard and is traceable both to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and to the International System of Units (SI). A compatible cable set is also supplied with each Solar Reference Cell.
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Reference Cells For PIV-IV Systems
NREL calibrated cell used for calibration transfer.The Abet Technologies solar reference cell is a precision instrument for the determination of solar simulator irradiance levels. The sensor is a mono-crystalline silicon solar cell having an area of2x2cm(4cm).The back of the solar cell is attached to the device in such a way that a good heat transfer to the device housing is guaranteed. Below the solar cell a Pt100 RTD temperature sensor is mounted to allow monitoring of device temperature. The device is not shunted allowing the whole IV-curve to be measured. The solar cell is protected by a high quality fused silica window, assuring spectral sensitivity over a 320 -1100 nm range.
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E-Band Signal Analysis Reference Solution
The E-band signal analysis reference solution provides an effective measurement solution for today’s wideband signals as well as emerging communications standards. With the M1971E waveguide harmonic mixer, which provides a 55 to 90 GHz input; Keysight oscilloscopes, which provide excellent signal integrity; and the powerful 89600 VSA software, you have a high-quality wideband measurement solution. A simple user interface also provides integrated mixer setup, correction and LO optimization, allowing for accurate measurements.
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AC Reference Modules
NAI offers a variety of AC reference modules that provide a drive capability to 5 VA. The units are transformer-isolated and operate over a frequency range from 47 Hz to 10 kHz. These modules are specifically designed for rugged defense, commercial aerospace, and industrial applications.
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Solar Cells
Using high-efficiency solar panels made of silicon solar cells, the conversion rate as high as 16%, and attenuation, good reliability, long life. Frame using a high-quality anodized aluminum edge, high mechanical strength, ensuring a high level of wind resistance and anti-riot performance, can be adapted to a variety of complex and harsh climatic conditions used.
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Solar Cell Testers
Solar Cell Testers are integrated systems incorporating Solar Simulator and I-V Measurement systems. PET offers Standard and Advance IV Measurement software. PET Cell Testers are capable of measuring a diverse range of solar cell parameters such as Isc,Voc, Imax,Vmax, Pmax, FF, Rsh, Rs and η cell conversion efficiency, complete light and dark I-V curves. All that needs to be done to test a cell is to load the cell, make electrical probes contact and press “Measure” icon on the I-V Measurement System software. The software will automatically open the Solar Simulator shutter, perform the test and close the shutter after the test is complete. The design is modular in nature and can be easily upgraded. Some options can added at a later time.
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Reference Cells
Reference cell is used for measuring and setting the intensity of solar simulators for one sun (or other user desired) intensity condition. They are also used to calibrate the IV Measurement system photo-detector intensity to match the measured ISC to calibrated ISC.
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Solar Cell Simulation
Setfos
Easily calculate the short circuit current, open circuit voltage Voc and fill factor with Setfos. Tweak the layer stack and add light scattering layers for enhanced absorption. Optimize for AM1.5 or specific wavelength bandsElectrical IV curvesCurve fitting & parameter extractionAC simulation and transient experiments like photo-CELIVAdvanced device physics: SRH-recombination, excitons, ... Design anti-reflection coatings or transparent cells
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SOLAR CELL TESTER
The tester is designed for terrestrial solar cell incoming/outcoming inspection with the purpose of checking and optimizing parameters and preventing manufacture defects of solar modules. Solar cells are not heated in process of inspection due to the use of xenon pulse lamp installed in the tester.
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Solar Cell PL/EL/IV 3-in-1 Testing System
VS6841
Industrial Vision Technology Pte Ltd.
This luminescence Analyzer integrates a Photoluminescence (PL), Electroluminescence (EL) , and I-V Measurement Technology, has a Device’s PL image, EL image, as well Device’s I-V characteristics in One system. It is being using to quantitatively map Minority-Carrier Lifetime, and to characterize the defect of silicon wafer & solar wafer, and measure the key parameters from solar cell I-V Curve. It is also a useful tool for scientist to develop other methodology & parameters that can be used as a promising technique for online material monitoring and process control.
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Solar Simulator
Sun 3000 Class AAA
The Abet Gen II optical design, patent pending, dramatically increases the percentage of photons reaching the work plane.All electronics are packaged in the lamp house – no clutter of high power cables to deal with. Photofeedback and digital shutter timer are included.Standard maintenance, lamp or filter replacement, does not require any tools. Locking indicator dials on all the system controls provide for a reproducible and stable setup. A built-in beam imaging accessory assists in system alignment.
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Reference Solutions
As you seek solutions to evolving test challenges, Keysight Reference Solutions provide the right combination of hardware, software, and measurement expertise through programming examples highly optimized for specific applications. Reference Solutions show you how to get the most out of your test equipment, helping you achieve half the time to insight.
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Reference Electrodes
Reference electrodes are widely used as: electrochemical measurements (CV, LSV, DPV, etc.) electrochemical devices (detectors for HPLC, biosensor, etc.)
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Testing for Si Solar Cells Using High Performance CCD
EL Imaging Tester
EL Testing for Si Solar Cells using High Performance CCD. The determination of luminescence (photo emissions) in solar cells is an important characterization tool. Typical solar cells often have defects which limit the efficiency or lifetime of a cell. Many of these defects are visualized with Luminescence Imaging. By using this technique, the manufacturing process can be optimized to produce better cells. Luminescence Imaging takes advantage of the radiative inter-band recombination of excited charge carriers in solar cells. The emitted photons can be captured with a sensitive CCD camera to obtain an image of the distribution of the radiative recombination in the cell. This distribution is determined by the local excitation level, allowing the detection of electrical losses, thus mapping the diffusion length of minority carriers as the emitted light is low intensity and in the near infra-red range, the CCD camera has a high sensitivity wavelength from 900 to 1100 nm with little thermal noise. This CCD camera provides excellent resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels with a large 1μm pixel size, multi-megahertz readout speed, and robust USB 2.0 connectivity. The EL CCD Camera is the ultimate high-performance CCD camera for electroluminescence and photoluminescence imaging for Photovoltaic (PV) Cells and Modules. This camera combines low noise electronics and optimal sensitivity in NIR.
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Solar Simulator
Unisim
TS-Space Systems is the first company to pioneer the use of metal halide sources in solar simulators for photovoltaic testing. The high temporal stability and close spectral match combined with the ability to control the output spectrum via multiple separate wavebands means the Unisim solar simulator is the only solar research tool designed for the accurate measurement of multiple junction devices, including the new generation of four junction devices. As with all our Unisim solar simulators, they exceed the ASTM, IEC and JIS international standards for spectral match and temporal instability. Using the latest HMI and halogen luminaire technology, the Unisim solar simulator provides a highly stable area of illumination. The simulators also use cutting edge filter technology in order to provide the best spectral match available for AM0 and AM1.5. Further to this, the spectrum can be achieved via two, three or four separate spectral wavebands which allows a high degree of spectral control for research and development. Product support is very important to us. Training is provided at our premises where customers can take advantage of one-on-one tuition with the instrument designers and learn how to operate and maintain their tools. Extensive support via phone and email for the full lifetime of the instrument is included with every TS-Space Systems product.
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Reference Transmitter
81492A
Keysight's 81492A Reference Transmitter is designed to offer excellent eye quality for NRZ and PAM4 signals at baud-rates up to 56 Gbaud and can serve as universal single-mode E/O converter. In addition to the internal lasers at 1310 & 1550 nm, an external optical input for usage with tunable laser sources is available. It is fully integrated into Keysight’s Optical Receiver Stress Test solutions to address test requirements of IEEE 802.3 10,40,100 and 400GBASE optical standards.
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Solar Simulator for Concentrator Cells
Optosolar offers solar simulators with continuous light for small area solar cells (ca. 10mm x 10mm). depending on the cell size, the concentration ratio can exceed 1000 suns. Special designs cover low concentration on large area wafers (156mm x 156mm), as well as line focus applications (e.g. 8mm x 156mm at 8 suns). Flashlight Solar Simulators have the advantage of negligible temperature change to the solar cell. For this reason, they are often used for very high concentration ratios or for multijunction cells in a solar simulator with adjustable spectrum.
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Frequency Reference
E8-X
The Quartzlock E8-X is a breakthrough in exceptionally low cost, miniature, traceable, calibration-free, off-air frequency & time standards. These references maintain the high frequency & time accuracy required for demanding applications.
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Reference Meters
Whether standard or high precision, ThermoWorks handheld meters feature rugged housing and best-in class accuracy across a variety of temperature ranges. Choose from integrated systems or meters that accept multiple probes, single or dual channel meters, alarms or reference models. Perfect for BBQ or sous-vide applications, dairy processing and meat processing, pharmaceutical labs, concrete curing, health departments, and for line checks, critical control point management, and HACCP checklists.
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Reference Frequency Generator
MFCh
*Frequency reproduction accuracy ± 2 x 10 -9 *Output frequency 1 Hz - 10 MHz *Output pulse signal 1 kHz The MFC is designed to generate high-frequency pulse signals with a frequency of 1 kHz and a frequency in the range from 1 Hz to 10 MHz along two output lines. The MFC is designed to operate in measuring systems based on the VXIbus trunk. In the MFC, a rubidium frequency standard is used as a reference frequency source. Time to reach the mode when the power source of the rubidium standard is turned on, no more than 10 min
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Fully Automatic Solar Cell
Module Laminator-H
1. Model: BSL2236OAC-H2. Effective lamination area: 2200mm × 3600mm3. Dimensions: length 17410mm × width 3665mm × height 2164mm4. Heating method: heat conduction oil heating5. Compressed air source pressure: 0.6～0.8MPa6. Working vacuum degree: 100～40Pa7. Evacuation rate: 70L/S8. Temperature control accuracy: ±1.5°C9. Temperature control range: room temperature - 180°C10. Temperature uniformity: effective lamination area≤±2℃11. Lamination chamber height: 30mm12. Evacuation time: depending on the process, it is recommended to take 5 to 8 minutes13. Upper cover stroke: 300mm
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Solar Simulator
XES Series
The recent environmental issues have been drawing more attention over the past few years. So "solar simulators" have come into the public eye much more often. They are mainly used for the evaluation of solar cells as well as for other types of tests where sunlight needs to be recreated.The continuous light of xenon lamp, the most faithful reproduction of sunlight, is applied in our highly accurate solar simulator, which has been widely sold across Japan and neighboring countries."SAN-EI" offer a wide range of solar-related optical technologies and can guarantee to satisfy the needs and request of customers.
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Cells and Electrodes
Electrochemical cells are designed to their special purpose. The method, the matter and their reactions as well as the environmental conditions define the limitations and demands for electrochemical cells and the electrodes. Standard corrosion testing cells may have a large volume, since corrosion products shall not change the solution grossly during the test. On the other hand, it may be valuable to collect corrosion products - then a very small volume is desired ("eluation cell"). Special corrosion tests for pitting reqiure a setup where undesired crevice corrosion is excluded ("Avesta cell" , "Quarfort Cell" or "Flushed port cell". Or you want to investigate in crevice corrosion, then the cell design should meet such conditions. Have a look to the variety of cells shown here, and call us if you have a special task where a fresh design is required.
